EU-Sanktionen betreffend Russland
Aktualisiert: 23. Aug. 2022
Die aktuellen EU-Sanktionen gegenüber Russland ergänzen die im Zuge der Krim-Annexion in 2014 erlassenen Strafmaßnahmen. Die bisher beispiellosen Verschärfungen eines bestehenden Sanktionsregimes gehen auf die Anerkennung der von Pro-Russischen Separatisten gehaltenen Gebiete in der Ost-Ukraine (Luhanks, Donezk) am 21.02.2022 sowie der darauffolgenden Invasion der Ukraine am 24.02.2022 zurück.
Das Sanktionsregime wurde in sieben Schritten (Stand: August 2022) aufgebaut, wobei die Zählweise der Sanktionspakete in verschiedenen Quellen nicht immer einheitlich ist.
Eine treffende Übersicht bietet das Directorate-General for Financial Stability, Financial Services and Capital Markets Union, welches die Maßnahmen unter Sanctions adopted following Russia’s military aggression against Ukraine (europa.eu) wie folgt treffend zusammenfasst:
23. Februar 2022 - 1. Paket
"In response to Russia recognising the non-government controlled areas of the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine and its decision to send troops into the region, the Council adopted a package of sanctions on 23 February 2022Diesen Link in einer anderen Sprache aufrufenEN•••. These sanctions target
the ability of the Russian state and government to access the EU’s capital and financial markets and services, to limit the financing of escalatory and aggressive policies
economic relations between the two non-government controlled regions and the EU, to ensure that those responsible clearly feel the economic consequences of their illegal and aggressive actions
individuals and entities who played a role in undermining or threatening the territorial integrity and independence of Ukraine. With these additions, the list comprises a total of 555 individuals and 52 entities"
25. Februar 2022 - 2. Paket
"Following up on the conclusions of the European Council on 24 February 2022 the Council adopted on 25 February the following package of individual and economic measures
Financial sector sanctions that will cut Russia's access to the most important capital markets, targeting 70% of the Russian banking market, but also key state-owned companies, including the field of defence
Energy sector sanctions that will prohibit the sale, supply, transfer or export to Russia of specific goods and technologies in oil refining, and will introduce restrictions on the provision of related services
Transport sector sanctions that will ban the sale of all aircraft, spare parts and equipment to Russian airlines. This will degrade the key sector of Russia's economy and the country's connectivity
Technology sector sanctions imposing further restrictions on exports of dual-use goods and technology, as well as restrictions on exports of certain goods and technology which might contribute to Russia’s technological enhancement of its defence and security sector
Visa policy sanctions that mean diplomats and related groups, and business people will no longer have privileged access to the EU. With these additions, the list of sanctioned persons and entities comprises a total of 654 individuals and 52 entities"
28. Februar 2022 - 3. Paket
"The Council adopted the following restrictive measures:
A ban on transactions with the Russian Central Bank, aiming at preventing the Russian Central Bank from accessing its large amounts of foreign reserves held in the EU
A ban on the overflight of EU airspace and on access to EU airports by Russian carriers of all kinds
Add 26 individuals and 1 entity to the list of sanctioned persons and entities. With these additions, the list comprises a total of 680 individuals and 53 entities"
02. März 2022 - 3. Paket
"The Council adopted the following restrictive measures:
Exclude key Russian banks from the SWIFT system, the world's dominant financial messaging system. This measure will stop these banks from conducting their financial transactions worldwide in a fast and efficient manner. Today's decision has been closely coordinated with the EU's international partners, such as the United States and the United Kingdom
Prohibit investing in projects co-financed by the Russian Direct Investment Fund
Prohibit the provision of euro-denominated banknotes to Russia
Prohibit state-owned media Russia Today and Sputnik' to broadcast in the EU
Restrictions on trade against Belarus and add 22 individuals of the Belarus military personnel to the list of sanctioned persons and entities. With these additions, the list comprises a total of 702 individuals and 53 entities"
09. März 2022 - Compliance Paket
"The Council adopted the following restrictive measures:
Exclude three banks of Belarus from the SWIFT system
Prohibit transactions with the Central Bank of Belarus related to the management of reserves or assets, and the provision of public financing for trade with and investment in Belarus
Clarify the notion of “transferable securities” so as to clearly include crypto-assets, and thus ensure the proper implementation of the sectoral restrictions in place
Prohibit the listing and provision of services in relation to shares of Belarus state-owned entities on EU trading venues as of 12 April 2022
Significantly limit the financial inflows from Belarus to the EU, by prohibiting the acceptance of deposits exceeding €100.000 from Belarusian nationals or residents, the holding of accounts of Belarusian clients by the EU central securities depositories, as well as the selling of euro-denominated securities to Belarusian clients
Prohibit the provision of euro denominated banknotes to Belarus
Further restrictive measures with regard to the export of maritime navigation goods and radio communication technology to Russia
Add 160 individuals to the list of sanctioned persons and entities. With these additions, the list comprises a total of 862 individuals and 53 entities"
15. März 2022 - 4. Paket
"The Council adopted the following restrictive measures:
A full prohibition on transactions with certain Russian State-owned enterprises, with the exception of State-owned banks, railways and the maritime shipping register
Prohibit EU agencies to provide financial rating services to Russian companies
A ban on imports of iron and steel products currently under EU safeguard measures as well as new investments in the Russian energy sector, with the exception of nuclear energy and the transport of energy products
Prohibit the export of luxury goods
Add 15 individuals and 9 entities to the list of sanctioned persons and entities, to include more oligarchs and business elites linked to the Kremlin, as well as companies active in military and defence sectors, and disinformation. With these additions, the list comprises a total of 877 individuals and 62 entities."
08. April 2022 - 5. Paket
"The Council of the European Union adopted the following restrictive measures:
Coal ban: An import ban on all forms of Russian coal
Financial measures: A full transaction ban and asset freeze on four additional Russian banks. A prohibition on providing high-value crypto-asset services to Russia. A prohibition on providing trust services to wealthy Russians, making it more difficult for them to store their wealth in the EU
Transport: A full ban on Russian and Belarusian freight road operators working in the EU. Certain exemptions cover essentials, such as mail, agricultural and food products, humanitarian aid as well as energy. An entry ban on Russian-flagged vessels to EU ports. Exemptions apply for medical, food, energy, and humanitarian purposes, amongst others
Targeted export bans: Further targeted export bans which include, in particular, quantum computing, advanced semiconductors, sensitive machinery, transportation and chemicals
Extending import bans: Additional import bans including cement, rubber products, wood, spirits (including vodka), liquor, high-end seafood (including caviar), and an anti-circumvention measure against potash imports from Belarus
Excluding Russia from public contracts and European money: Full prohibition on the participation of Russian nationals and entities in procurement contracts in the EU. Restriction on financial and non-financial support to Russian publicly owned or controlled entities under EU, Euratom and Member State programmes
Legal clarifications: Extension of the prohibitions on the export of banknotes and on the sale of transferrable securities to Russian nationals or entities to all official EU currencies
Assets freezes: Adding of a further 217 individuals and 18 entities on the list"
03. Juni 2022 - 6. Paket
"The Council of the European Union adopted the following additional measures:
1. Oil import restrictions
Crude and refined oil embargo: These sanctions will come into force with immediate effect, and will phase out Russian oil imports in an orderly fashion. For seaborne crude oil, spot market transactions and execution of existing contracts will be permitted for six months after entry into force, while for petroleum products, these will be permitted for eight months after entry into force. Member States who have a particular pipeline dependency on Russia can benefit from a temporary exemption and continue to receive crude oil delivered by pipeline, until the Council decides otherwise. However, Member States benefiting from this exemption will not be able to resell such crude oil and petroleum products to other Member States or third countries
Due to its specific geographical exposure, a special temporary derogation until the end of 2024 has been agreed for Bulgaria which will be able to continue to import crude oil and petroleum products via maritime transport. In addition, Croatia will be able to authorise until the end of 2023 the import of Russian vacuum gas oil which is needed for the functioning of its refinery
2. Oil transport services
After a wind down period of 6 months, EU operators will be prohibited from insuring and financing the transport, in particular through maritime routes, of oil to third countries
This will make it particularly difficult for Russia to continue exporting its crude oil and petroleum products to the rest of the world since EU operators are important providers of such services
3. Financial and business services measures
An additional three Russian banks, Russia's largest bank Sberbank, Credit Bank of Moscow, and Russian Agricultural Bank - and the Belarusian Bank For Development And Reconstruction have been removed from SWIFT. These banks are critical for the Russian financial system and Putin's ability to further wage war. It will solidify the isolation of the Russian financial sector from the global system
The measures on trusts have been refined and appropriate exceptions have been laid down in a revised version of the provision (e.g. for humanitarian purposes or civil society)
The provision of certain business-relevant services - directly or indirectly – such as accounting, auditing, statutory audit, bookkeeping and tax consulting services, business and management consulting, and public relations services to the Russian government, as well as to legal persons, entities or bodies established in Russia are now prohibited
4. Broadcasting suspension
The broadcasting activities of another three Russian State outlets – Rossiya RTR/RTR Planeta, Rossiya 24/Russia 24, and TV Centre International – have been suspended. They are among the most important pro-Kremlin disinformation outlets targeting audiences in Ukraine and the EU, and disseminating propaganda in support of Russia's aggression against Ukraine
Several regulators in EU Member States have already taken action against those Russian state-controlled broadcasters and channels. They will now be barred from distributing their content across the EU, in whatever shape or form, be it on cable, via satellite, on the internet or via smartphone apps
The advertising of products or services on sanctioned outlets has also been prohibited
5. Export restrictions
The list of advanced technology items banned from export to Russia has been expanded to include additional chemicals that could be used in the process of manufacture of chemical weapons, already controlled since 2013 for other destinations such as Syria. Moreover, today's package further expands the list of natural, legal persons or entities associated with Russia's military-industrial complex. These natural, legal persons or entities are involved in various sectors, such as electronics, communications, weapons, shipyards, engineering and scientific research. This update brings the EU in alignment with United States measures, while other partners are expected to align in the near future
The package adds the United Kingdom and the Republic of Korea to the Annex of partner countries that have adopted substantially equivalent export restrictions
The list of Belarusian entities subject to restrictions has been significantly widened (from 1 entity to 25). This is related to authorisations for the sale, supply, transfer or export of dual-use goods and technology, as well as goods and technology which might contribute to Belarus's military and technological enhancement, or to the development of its defence and security sector"
21. Juli 2022 - 7. Paket (auch als "Maintenance and alignment package" benannt)
"The Council of the European Union adopted the following additional measures
Gold import ban: The import of all gold originating from Russia and exported from Russia into the EU or to any third country is prohibited. An exemption applies for gold jewellery of travellers for their personal use
Reporting requirements strengthened: Sanctioned people are obliged to declare their assets, in order to facilitate the freezing of their assets in the EU
Targeted export bans: Export controls on dual use and advanced technology is reinforced by extending the list of items which may contribute to Russia’s military and technological enhancement or the development of its defence and security sector
Port access ban: Russian flagged vessels are banned to access locks to prevent the circumvention of sanctions
Financial sanctions: The prohibition on accepting deposits is expanded to deposits from legal persons, entities or bodies established in third countries and majority-owned by Russian nationals or natural persons residing in Russia. Additionally, the acceptance of deposits for non-prohibited cross-border trade will be subject to a prior authorisation by the national competent authorities
Food and energy security: Transactions for agricultural products and the transport of oil to third countries with certain state-owned entities are exempted
Medical and pharmaceutical exemptions: Exemptions are added for certain export prohibitions for medical and pharmaceutical purposes
Clarifications: introduction of a number of clarifications to existing measures, for instance in the field of public procurement, aviation and justice
Assets freezes: Adding of a further 54 individuals and 10 entities on the list"
Ausgehend von oben genannten Maßnahmen ergibt sich eines der umfassendsten und komplexesten Sanktionsregime, welches bisher in quantitativer und qualitativer Hinsicht erlassen wurde.
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